When I copy formulas from any book online, and paste it on yahoo mail, they do not ahow the same as they are in the book. Example:
Based on the single-input neuron formula

with weight

and bias

, the input
is calculated by rearranging to

. Possible transfer functions (Table 2.1) and corresponding inputs
for outputs
are generally: Linear (

), Saturating Linear, or Sigmoid.
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i. Output = 1.6: Linear (

) or Saturating Linear.
ii. Output = 1.0: Linear (

) or Saturating Linear (

for max output).
iii. Output = 0.9963: Log-Sigmoid or Hyperbolic Tangent Sigmoid (

), yielding

.
iv. Output = -1.0: Linear (

) or Symmetric Hard Limit.
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Common Transfer Functions (Table 2.1 Context):
Linear:

Saturating Linear:

Log-Sigmoid:

Symmetric Hard Limit:
this is from the email: E2.1 A single input neuron has a weight of 1.3 and a bias of 3.0. What possible kinds of transfer functions, from Table 2.1, could this neuron have, if its output is given below. In each case, give the value of the input that would produce these outputs.

Based on the single-input neuron formula 𝑎=𝑓(𝑤𝑝+𝑏) with weight 𝑤=1.3 and bias 𝑏=3.0, the input
�
𝑝 is calculated by rearranging to 𝑝=𝑓−1(𝑎)−3.01.3. Possible transfer functions (Table 2.1) and corresponding inputs
�
𝑝 for outputs
�
𝑎 are generally: Linear (1.3𝑝+3=𝑎), Saturating Linear, or Sigmoid.
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i. Output = 1.6: Linear (1.3𝑝+3=1.6⟹𝑝=−1.077) or Saturating Linear.
ii. Output = 1.0: Linear (1.3𝑝+3=1.0⟹𝑝=−1.538) or Saturating Linear (𝑝≥0 for max output).
iii. Output = 0.9963: Log-Sigmoid or Hyperbolic Tangent Sigmoid (0.9963=11+𝑒−(1.3𝑝+3)), yielding 𝑝≈1.25.
iv. Output = -1.0: Linear (1.3𝑝+3=−1.0⟹𝑝=−3.077) or Symmetric Hard Limit.
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Common Transfer Functions (Table 2.1 Context):
Linear: 𝑓(𝑛)=𝑛
Saturating Linear: 𝑓(𝑛)=satlin(𝑛)
Log-Sigmoid: 𝑓(𝑛)=11+𝑒−𝑛
Symmetric Hard Limit